Masjid Hagia Sophia Sejarah
Sekilas tentang Sultan Mehmed II
Mehmed II, juga dikenal sebagai Sang Penakluk adalah salah satu sultan Kekaisaran Ottoman yang terkenal dengan kecerdasannya. Mehmed II memerintah Ottoman untuk waktu yang singkat, dari 1444 hingga 1446, setelah ayahnya. Setelah waktu itu Sultan Murad II melepaskan takhta tetapi ketika dia meninggal, Mehmed II memerintah Kekaisaran Ottoman dari tahun 1451 hingga 1481. Mehmet II adalah seorang negarawan jenius dan seorang pemimpin militer yang juga tertarik pada sastra, seni rupa, dan arsitektur monumental. Dia dididik oleh sarjana terkenal Aksemseddin dan menurut sejarawan Ottoman dia berbicara tujuh bahasa dengan lancar, menurut situs theottomans.org.
Potret Sultan Mehmed II oleh Gentile Bellini. Museum Victoria dan Albert, London.[wikimedia.org]
Mehmed II lahir sebagai putra Sultan Murad I dan Huma Hatun pada malam 29 Maret tetapi dicatat pada 30 Maret 1432, di Edirne. Masa kecilnya dihabiskan di Edirne. Dia termotivasi untuk merebut kota Konstantinopel berdasarkan kata-kata Nabi Muhammad untuk penakluk Konstantinopel: "Suatu hari, Konstantinopel akan ditaklukkan. Betapa indah dan diberkatinya komandan penaklukannya dan tentaranya!"
Sultan Mehmed II, menggulingkan Kekaisaran Byzantium dengan menaklukkan Konstantinopel sebagai konsolidasi Kekaisaran Ottoman dan menandai akhir Abad Pertengahan. Dia mengambil nama "penakluk" (fatih) setelah penaklukan Istanbul pada tanggal 29 Mei 1453. Penaklukan Istanbul berarti berakhirnya Kekaisaran Byzantium dan memasuki fase kebangkitan kota di bawah pemerintahan Mehmed dan para penerusnya.
Perebutan Istanbul diikuti oleh suksesi panjang kampanye yang menghasilkan perpanjangan besar kekuasaan langsung Ottoman. Setelah penaklukan kota, Mehmed sang Penakluk berbaris menuju Morea dan merebut kota-kota Yunani satu demi satu. Namun, dia diancam dari belakang oleh kerajaan Karaman dan karena itu beralih ke Anatolia untuk menaklukkan mereka dan untuk mencaplok wilayah mereka. Dia kemudian menaklukkan daerah yang dekat dengan Laut Hitam barat dan ditunjuk sebagai gubernur Kzl Ahmet yang merupakan pendiri kerajaan Isfen-diyar. Setelah itu, ia berperang melawan Uzun Hasan, penguasa Akkoyunlus dan mengalahkannya. Di antara daerah-daerah yang jatuh ke Mehmet II adalah Serbia, Yunani, Kekaisaran Trezibizond, Wallachia, Bosnia, Karaman, Albania dan beberapa perusahaan maritim Venesia dan Geneose.
Northern tympanum mosaics
The northern tympanum mosaics feature various saints. They have been able to survive due to their high and inaccessible location. They depict Patriarchs of Constantinople John Chrysostom and Ignatios of Constantinople standing, clothed in white robes with crosses, and holding richly jewelled Bibles. The figures of each patriarch, revered as saints, are identifiable by labels in Greek. The other mosaics in the other tympana have not survived probably due to the frequent earthquakes, as opposed to any deliberate destruction by the Ottoman conquerors.[279]
The dome was decorated with four non-identical figures of the six-winged angels which protect the Throne of God; it is uncertain whether they are seraphim or cherubim. The mosaics survive in the eastern part of the dome, but since the ones on the western side were damaged during the Byzantine period, they have been renewed as frescoes. During the Ottoman period each seraph's (or cherub's) face was covered with metallic lids in the shape of stars, but these were removed to reveal the faces during renovations in 2009.[280]
Perubahan lain yang dilakukan pada Hagia Sophia sebagai masjid adalah:
1. Pembangunan mihrab yang semula tidak ada
2. Penambahan dua lampu perak di tiap sisi mihrab yang dilakukan Kaisar Ottoman Kanuni Sultan Suleyman
3. Penambahan dua kubus marmer dari wilayah Bergama, sebuah kota di Turki, yang dilakukan Sultan Murad III
4. Pembangunan empat menara yang digunakan saat adzan
5. Struktur Hunkâr Mahfili, sebuah kompartemen yang digunakan penguasa untuk ibadah diganti dengan ruang lain dekat mihrab. Renovasi besar ini dilakukan Sultan Abdülmecid yang menunjuk arsitek Fossati bersaudara asal Swiss.
Dengan wujud yang baru, Hagia Sophia melanjutkan perannya menjadi saksi perkembangan banga Turki dan dunia internasional. Di masa modern inilah Haghia menjalani peran sebagai museum dan kembali jadi masjid
1935: Di bawah pengaruh Presiden Kemal Ataturk, Hagia Sophia menjadi museum dan dilaporkan menarik minat sekitar tiga juta wisatawan tiap tahun. Karena sejarah dan keunikan, Hagia Sophia ditetapkan pula sebagai Warisan Dunia UNESCO pada 1985.
2013: Isu mengembalikan Hagia Sophia sebagai masjid mulai hadir dengan sebagian masyarakat mulai mengakui peran penting Dinasti Ottoman
2020: Setelah tujuh tahun, masyarakat Turki dan internasional akan menyaksikan kembali Hagia Sophia menjadi masjid dengan ibadah pertama rencananya dilakukan pada 27 Juli 2020
Tonton juga 'Kontroversi Hagia Sophia, Warisan Dunia yang Jadi Masjid':
[Gambas:Video 20detik]
tirto.id - Kontroversi akibat putusan Presiden Recep Tayyip Erdogan mengubah Hagia Sophia menjadi masjid masih terus bergaung. Alih fungsi Hagia Sophia dari museum menjadi masjid memantik polemik di dunia internasional.
Sebagian negara yang mayoritas berpenduduk muslim mendukung keputusan otoritas Turki untuk mengubah fungsi Hagia Sophia menjadi masjid. Sejumlah organisasi muslim, seperti Uni Magrib Arab (The Magrib Arab Union), organisasi Ikhwanul Muslimin, juga dengan bersemangat mendukung langkah rezim Presiden Erdogan itu.
Pihak-pihak itu menyebut momen tersebut sebagai "langkah sejarah" atau "peristiwa bersejarah" dalam Islam, demikian dikutip kantor berita Turki, Anadolu Agency.
Di sisi lain, sebagaimana dilansir dari Reuters, kritik atas keputusan itu juga tak kalah banyaknya dari petinggi negara dan pemimpin agama dunia. Bahkan, Paus Fransiskus mengaku sangat sedih atas perubahan status Hagia Sophia.
Polemik tersebut tidak terlepas dari sejarah panjang Hagia Sophia yang telah melewati masa lebih dari 1,5 milenium.
Selama 15 abad terakhir, Hagia Sophia menjadi saksi bisu sejarah berlangsungnya transisi rezim yang menguasai Konstantinopel (kini Istanbul), mulai dari pagan, Kekaisaran Byzantium penganut Katolik Ortodoks, Kesultanan Ottoman (Utsmaniyah) sampai era Turki modern.
Secara garis besar, sejarah panjang Hagia Sophia dapat dipilah menjadi empat fase. Pada empat fase itu, alih fungsi Hagia Sophia terjadi bergantung pada siapa rezim yang berkuasa di Istanbul.
Hagia Sophia pada Era Kekaisaran Bizantium
Dalam bahasa Turki, Hagia Sophia disebut Ayasofya, dan di bahasa Latin: Sancta Sophia. Hagia Sophia juga pernah dikenal sebagai Gereja Kebijaksanaan Suci (Church of the Holy Wisdom) dan Gereja Kebijaksanaan Ilahi (Church of the Divine Wisdom).
Menurut ensiklopedia Britannica, bangunan Hagia Sophia pertama kali didirikan di atas pondasi atau tempat kuil pagan pada 325 Masehi, atas perintah Kaisar Konstantinus I.
Putranya, Konstantius II, lalu menjadikan bangunan ini sebagai gereja Ortodoks pada 360 masehi. Hagia Sophia kemudian menjadi gereja tempat para penguasa dimahkotai dan menjadi katedral paling besar yang beroperasi sepanjang periode Kekaisaran Bizantium.
Hagia Sophia sekaligus menjadi saksi sekaligus korban pusaran konflik di tengah pelbagai kejadian yang menerpa Kekaisaran Bizantium. Hagia Sophia juga pernah direparasi secara besar-besaran beberapa kali pada era ini.
Sebagaimana dilansir dari History, Hagia Sophia semula hanyalah bangunan beratap kayu dan tak semegah yang sekarang.
Pada tahun 404 masehi, Hagia Sophia sempat terbakar akibat kerusuhan karena konflik politik di kalangan keluarga Kaisar Arkadios yang kemudian menjadi penguasa Bizantium pada 395-408 masehi.
Selepas Arkadios mangkat, penerusnya, Kaisar Theodosis II membangun struktur kedua di Hagia Sophia. Di bangunan ini, ditambahkan lima nave dan jalan masuk khas gereja dengan atap terbuat dari kayu.
Lalu, sebagaimana dicatat Encyclopedia Britannica, pembangunan gereja Hagia Sophia berlanjut di masa kekuasaan Justinan I (532 M). Perbaikan dilakukan karena Hagia Sophia rusak akibat rusuh yang terjadi saat revolusi Nikka.
Setelah kerusuhan yang melanda Konstantinopel itu, Justinian I memerintahkan arsitek terkenal pada masanya, Isidoros (Milet) dan Anthemios (Tralles), untuk mendirikan ulang bangunan Hagia Sophia. Pada masa Kaisar Justinian I inilah yang paling masyhur diakui sebagai fondasi awal dari bangunan Hagia Sophia yang sekarang demikian terkenal.
Kubah yang menaungi Hagia Sophia juga diklaim sebagai kubah bangunan terbesar kedua selepas Gereja Pantheon di Roma. Bangunan ini dianggap warisan arsitektur terpenting dari era Bizantium dan merupakan bagian dari monumen warisan dunia.
Hagia Sophia pada Era Kesultanan Ottoman
Pada 1453, era Kekaisaran Bizantium berakhir karena ditaklukkan oleh Sultan Mehmet/Mehmed II dari Kekaisaran Ottoman. Setelah Sultan Mehmed II menaklukkan Konstantinopel, status Hagia Sophia dikonversi menjadi masjid.
Nama Hagia Sophia masih dipertahankan oleh Sultan Mehmed II. Sebagaimana arti kata sophia dalam bahasa Yunani adalah kebijaksanaan, maka arti lengkap dari Hagia Sophia adalah tempat suci bagi Tuhan. Sultan Mehmed II mempertahankan kesucian Hagia Sophia dan hanya mengubah status fungsinya dari gereja menjadi tempat ibadah umat Islam.
Salah satu alasan Sultan Mehmed II: "Tuhan yang disembah umat Kristen dan Islam adalah Tuhan yang sama," tulis Robert Mark dan Ahmet S. Cakmak yang dikutip dari Diegesis di Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present (1992: 201).
Saat berubah menjadi masjid di era Mehmed II, banyak mosaik dan lukisan bercorak Kristen, yang menghiasai bangunan Hagia Sophia, ditutupi dan diplester. Seniman kaligrafi terkenal pada masa itu, Kazasker Mustafa İzzet, kemudian mengguratkan tulisan Allah SWT, Nabi Muhammad SAW, empat khalifah pertama, dan dua cucu Rasulullah SAW, di beberapa bagian interior Hagia Sophia.
Pada masa Kesultanan Ottoman, struktur bangunan Hagia Sophia memperoleh sentuhan arsitektur Islam. Misalnya, mihrab yang kemudian dibangun, hingga pendirian empat menara yang digunakan untuk melantunkan Adzan. Bangunan seperti madrasah, perpustakaan hingga dapur umum juga melengkapi Hagia Sophia pada masa Ottoman.
Pada era Kekaisaran Ottoman, bangunan Hagia Sophia sempat difungsikan menjadi masjid selama 482 tahun.
Hagia Sophia pada Era Pemerintahan Kemal Ataturk
Selepas Kekaisaran Ottoman bubar dan Turki menjadi negara republik, Hagia Sophia pun kembali beralih fungsi. Pendiri dan presiden pertama Republik Turki, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk mengubah status Hagia Sophia menjadi museum.
Setelah Hagia Sophia menjadi museum, dilakukan restorasi mosaik-mosaik kuno di bangunan ini dan plester penutupnya dibuka. Lantas, selepas plester ornamennya dibuka, tampaklah lukisan Bunda Maria dan bayi Yesus, yang ternyata berjejer dengan kaligrafi Allah dan Muhammad SAW.
Hagia Sophia kemudian diakui sebagai salah satu dari situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO yang disebut Area Bersejarah Istanbul, sejak tahun 1985.
Hagia Sophia pada Era Pemerintahan Erdogan
Jalan panjang Hagia Sophia saat ini memutar lagi. Karena putusan pengadilan administrasi utama Turki, status Hagia Sophia sebagai museum dicabut pada 10 Juli 2020.
Pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Recep Tayyip Erdogan ini, Hagia Sophia diubah status fungsinya kembali menjadi masjid.
Perubahan ini menuai kontroversi. Saking kontroversialnya, Perdana Menteri Kyriakos Mitsotakis dari Yunani menuding keputusan itu sebagai penghinaan terhadap karakter ekumenis dari Hagia Sophia.
Sementara itu, UNESCO memberi peringatan bahwa perubahan status Hagia Sophia harus ditinjau oleh komite badan PBB tersebut. Oleh karena Hagia Sophia sejak 1985 dianggap bagian dari Situs Warisan Dunia, pengubahan status bangunan ini harus diberitahukan terlebih dahulu dan melalui proses peninjauan UNESCO.
"Penting untuk menghindari keputusan apa pun sebelum berunding dengan UNESCO, yang akan memengaruhi akses fisik ke situs, struktur bangunan, properti yang dapat dipindahkan, atau manajemen situs bersejarah," kata Ernesto Ottone, Asisten Direktur UNESCO belum lama ini.
Menurut UNESCO, tindakan-tindakan semacam itu bisa dianggap pelanggaran aturan yang sudah tertera di Konvensi Warisan Dunia 1972.
TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - Umat muslim memadati masjid Hagia Sophia di Istanbul, Turki, untuk mengikuti salat tarawih. Masjid yang cukup ikonik ini dipakai tarawih selama Ramadan. Masjid Hagia Sophia resmi ditetapkan kembali pemerintahan Erdogan sebagai masjid dan tempat ibadah pertama setelah pengadilan administrasi Turki membatalkan kebijakan Mustafa Kemal Ataturk yang mengalihfungsikan Hagia Sophia sebagai museum pada 1934.
Seperti dikutip dari britannica, Hagia Sophia disebut juga Gereja Kebijaksanaan Suci atau Gereja Kebijaksanaan Ilahi. Bangunan ini didirikan sebagai Gereja Kristen pada abad ke-6 M di bawah Kekaisaran Bizantium Justinian I. Bangunan ini mencerminkan perubahan agama yang terjadi di wilayah tersebut selama berabad-abad. Bangunan dengan menara dan prasasti Islam serta mosaik-mosaik Kekristenan yang mewah .
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Gereja asli Hagia Sophia sebelumnya sudah dibangun pada 325 M di atas fondasi kuil kafir. Kemudian pada 360 Konstantius II menguduskan gereja tersebut. Hagia Sophia sempat dibakar sejak pengusiran St. John Chrysostom pada 404 M. Setelah itu, diperbaiki lagi oleh Kaisar Romawi Constans I dan ditahbiskan kembali oleh Theodosius II pada 415 M .
Gereja itu juga dibakar saat Pemberontakan Nika pada Januari 532 M, lalu selesai dibangun pada 537 M. Struktur Hagia Sophia yang sekarang merupakan peninggalan abad ke-6, meskipun gempa bumi menyebabkan runtuhnya sebagian kubah pada 558 M. Hagia Sophia mengalami pemulihan pada 562 dan pertengahan abad ke-14. Hagia Sophia juga dijarah pada 1204 oleh Venesia dan Tentara Salib pada Perang Salib Keempat.
Hagia Sophia dirubah menjadi masjid setelah penaklukan Konstantinopel oleh Sultan Mehmed II pada 1453. Setelah itu, ia menambahkan menara kayu untuk adzan, lampu gantung besar, mihrab dan mimbar. Kekaisaran Ottoman membangun menara disamping sisi struktur kubah. Bagian dalam Hagia ditambahi ukiran kaligrafi Arab yang ditempel bersisian dengan ikon kuno Kristiani.
Menukil dari gema.uhamka.ac.id fungsi Hagia Sophia sebagai masjid tersebut bertahan hingga tahun 1934 atau hampir 500 tahun. Hagia Sophia dikonversi menjadi museum saat Mustafa Kemal Ataturk menjadi Presiden pertama Turki pada 1935. Pada 1985, Hagia Sophia telah dimasukkan ke Daftar Warisan Dunia oleh badan PBB UNESCO.
Dalam sejarah keberadaannya, Hagia Sophia sudah kerap berganti status dan fungsi selama 2.553 tahun. Selama 15 abad terakhir, bangunan megah ini mengalami beberapa kali alih fungsi, mulai dari gereja (325 - 1453) dan masjid (1453 - 1935). Setelah itu berubah jadi museum (1935 - 2020), sebelum akhirnya menjadi masjid lagi di bawah Presiden Turki Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
Mengutip dari Antara, sebelumnya bangunan tersebut sempat dibuka untuk umat Muslim, Kristiani, dan warga asing lainnya. Kemudian pada Juni 2020, Pemerintah Turki mengembalikan fungsi Hagia Sophia sebagai masjid.
Perubahan ini menjadi simbol revolusi religius Recep Tayyip Erdogan yang telah dilakukan selama lebih dari 10 tahun. Mengembalikan fungsi Hagia Sophia menjadi puncak pengembalian ajaran Islam di kehidupan masyarakat Turki yang sebelumnya dikekang pemerintahan sekuler Ataturk.
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REPUBLIKA.CO.ID --- Pada sepanjang 2020 berbagai peristiwa bersejarah telah menjadi perhatian dalam dunia internasional. Salah satunya adalah kembalinya fungsi Masjid Hagia Sophia.
Pengadilan Turki membatalkan dekrit Kabinet 1934, yang mengubah Hagia Sophia di Istanbul menjadi museum, dan langkah ini membuka jalan untuk digunakan kembali sebagai masjid setelah 85 tahun digunakan sebagai museum.
Pemerintah Turki menetapkan Hagia Sophia kembali menjadi masjid dan tak lagi berstatus sebagai museum pada 10 Juli.
Hagia Sophia pertama kali menjadi masjid oleh Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih pada 1453 setelah menaklukan Konstantinopel.
Presiden Recep Tayyip Erdogan mengatakan hak pengembalian fungsi Masjid Hagia Sophia adalah hak kedaulatan Turki.
Dia mengatakan pintu Hagia Sophia akan terbuka untuk semua warga Turki, orang asing, Muslim, dan non-Muslim seperti halnya dengan semua masjid lainnya.
Salah satu hal bersejarah dari kembalinya Hagia Sophia menjadi masjid adalah dilaksanakannya Sholat Jumat.
Pada Jumat (24 Juli 2020), ribuan orang berkumpul sholat pertama sejak Turki mengembalikan fungsi bekas museum ke masjid setelah 86 tahun.
Perwakilan dari banyak negara asing, terutama dari negara-negara Muslim dan Turki, turut mengikuti sholat Jumat di Hagia Sophia.
Perwakilan media yang berkunjung menyiarkan acara langsung dari platform yang disiapkan untuk mereka di Sultanahmet Square tidak jauh dari Hagia Sophia.
Pengguna media sosial dari seluruh dunia juga ikut berbagi pesan mereka tentang pembukaan kembali monumen bersejarah untuk tujuan ibadah dan juga membagikan tagar yang kemudian menjadi trending topic di twitter.
Afrika Selatan adalah salah satu dari negara-negara yang menyiarkan langsung acara tersebut. Di antara saluran Afrika yang menyiarkan acara tersebut adalah ITV, Salaam Media, CII International Radio 786, Voice of the Cape, Radio Islam dan Radio Al-Ansaar.
BACA JUGA: Kritik Atas Hagia Sophia, Banyak Masjid di Eropa Jadi Gereja
sumber : Anadolu/Republika.co.id
Mosque and former church in Istanbul, Turkey
Hagia Sophia,[a] officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque,[b] is a mosque and former church serving as a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey. The last of three church buildings to be successively erected on the site by the Eastern Roman Empire, it was completed in AD 537. The site was an Eastern rite church from AD 360 to 1453, except for a brief time as a Latin Catholic church between the Fourth Crusade and 1261.[4] After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, it served as a mosque until 1935, when it became a museum. In 2020, the site once again became a mosque.
The current structure was built by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I as the Christian cathedral of Constantinople for the Byzantine Empire between 532 and 537, and was designed by the Greek geometers Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles.[5] It was formally called the Church of God's Holy Wisdom (Greek: Ναὸς τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας, romanized: Naòs tês Hagías toû Theoû Sophías)[6][7] and upon completion became the world's largest interior space and among the first to employ a fully pendentive dome. It is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture[8] and is said to have "changed the history of architecture".[9] The present Justinianic building was the third church of the same name to occupy the site, as the prior one had been destroyed in the Nika riots. As the episcopal see of the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople, it remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until the Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520. Beginning with subsequent Byzantine architecture, Hagia Sophia became the paradigmatic Orthodox church form, and its architectural style was emulated by Ottoman mosques a thousand years later.[10] It has been described as "holding a unique position in the Christian world"[10] and as an architectural and cultural icon of Byzantine and Eastern Orthodox civilization.[10][11][12]
The religious and spiritual centre of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly one thousand years, the church was dedicated to the Holy Wisdom.[13][14][15] It was where the excommunication of Patriarch Michael I Cerularius was officially delivered by Humbert of Silva Candida, the envoy of Pope Leo IX in 1054, an act considered the start of the East–West Schism. In 1204, it was converted during the Fourth Crusade into a Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire, before being returned to the Eastern Orthodox Church upon the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261. Enrico Dandolo, the doge of Venice who led the Fourth Crusade and the 1204 Sack of Constantinople, was buried in the church.
After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453,[16] it was converted to a mosque by Mehmed the Conqueror and became the principal mosque of Istanbul until the 1616 construction of the Sultan Ahmed Mosque.[17][18] Upon its conversion, the bells, altar, iconostasis, ambo, and baptistery were removed, while iconography, such as the mosaic depictions of Jesus, Mary, Christian saints and angels were removed or plastered over.[19] Islamic architectural additions included four minarets, a minbar and a mihrab. The Byzantine architecture of the Hagia Sophia served as inspiration for many other religious buildings including the Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki, Panagia Ekatontapiliani, the Şehzade Mosque, the Süleymaniye Mosque, the Rüstem Pasha Mosque and the Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex. The patriarchate moved to the Church of the Holy Apostles, which became the city's cathedral.
The complex remained a mosque until 1931, when it was closed to the public for four years. It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum under the secular Republic of Turkey, and the building was Turkey's most visited tourist attraction as of 2019[update].[20]
In July 2020, the Council of State annulled the 1934 decision to establish the museum, and the Hagia Sophia was reclassified as a mosque. The 1934 decree was ruled to be unlawful under both Ottoman and Turkish law as Hagia Sophia's waqf, endowed by Sultan Mehmed, had designated the site a mosque; proponents of the decision argued the Hagia Sophia was the personal property of the sultan. The decision to designate Hagia Sophia as a mosque was highly controversial. It resulted in divided opinions and drew condemnation from the Turkish opposition, UNESCO, the World Council of Churches and the International Association of Byzantine Studies, as well as numerous international leaders, while several Muslim leaders in Turkey and other countries welcomed its conversion into a mosque.
Hagia Sophia kembali jadi masjid setelah sempat berstatus museum dan ditetapkan UNESCO sebagai warisan dunia. Melalui akun Twitternya, Presiden Turki Recep Tayyip Erdogan menganggapnya sebagai kebangkitan bangunan bersejarah tersebut.
"Kebangkitan Hagia Sophia...," tulis Erdogan di akun @RTErdogan yang dilihat detikcom pada Sabtu (11/7/2020). Tweet ini mendapat 23 ribu retweet dan komentar serta 76 ribu like dari para netizen.
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Kembalinya Hagia Sophia menjadi masjid sesuai Majelis Negara Turki membatalkan keputusan kabinet pada 1934. Keputusan ini mengundang reaksi dari masyarakat internasional, dengan sebagian mendukung dan menolak keputusan tersebut.
Terlepas dari reaksi netizen, warga internasional, dan sikap tiap negara, Hagia Sophia memang punya sejarah yang sangat panjang. Dikutip dari History, Hagia Sophia jadi saksi kejatuhan dan kebangkitan dinasti penguasa Turki.
Hagia Sophia dalam bahasa Turki disebut Ayasofya sedangkan dalam bahasa latin adalah Sancta Sophia. Nama Hagia Sophia artinya adalah kebijaksanaan sesuai peruntukan bangunan tersebut sebagai rumah ibadah.
360 Masehi: Kaisar Bizantium, Constantius I, memerintahkan pembangunan Hagia Sophia sebagai sebuah gereja untuk umat Kristen Ortodoks Yunani di Konstantinopel yang kini bernama Istanbul. Awalnya gereja ini beratapkan kayu.
404 : Bangunan Hagia Sophia pertama terbakar akibat kerusuhan yang terjadi di sekitar bangunan tersebut. Kerusuhan diakibatkan konflik politik antar keluarga Kaisar Arkadios yang kemudian menjadi penguasa pada 395-408 AD.
415: Struktur kedua Hagia Sophia selesai dibangun Kaisar Theodosis II yang merupakan penerus Arkadio. Bangunan yang baru memiliki lima nave (tempat bangku-bangku umat) dan jalan masuk yang khas dengan atap terbuat dari kayu.
532: Dikutip dari Encyclopedia Britannica, Hagia Sophia terbakar kedua kalinya dalam peristiwa Revolusi Nika atau Nika Revolt. Revolusi tersebut melawan Kaisar Justinian I yang memerintah pada 527-565. Saat itu Hagia Sophia masih menjadi bangunan penting penganut Ortodoks Yunani.
532: Masih di tahun yang sama, Kaisar Justinian memerintahkan penghancuran Hagia Sophia karena kondisinya yang rusak parah. Dia memerintahkan pembangunan kembali gereja tersebut dengan menunjuk arsitek Isidoros (Milet) dan Anthemios (Tralles).
537: Pembangunan ketiga Hagia Sophia selesai dalam lima tahun dan ibadah pertama dilakukan pada 27 Desember 537. Saat itu Kaisar Justinian disebut mengatakan, "Tuhanku, terima kasih atas kesempatan membangun sebuah tempat ibadah."
Hagia Sophia melanjutkan perannya yang sangat penting dalam politik dan sejarah Bizantium, termasuk menjadi saksi Perang Salib. Wilayah Konstantinopel termasuk Hagia Sophia sempat berada di bawah kekuasaan Romawi untuk waktu singkat. Kekaisaran Bizantium dikisahkan berhasil menguasai kembali kota tersebut dan Hagia Sophia yang kembali rusak.
Perubahan besar Hagia Sophia selanjutnya terjadi sekitar 200 tahun kemudian saat Dinasti Ottoman menguasai Kontantinopel. Di bawah pimpinan Sultan Muhammad Al Fatih (Mehmed II), dinasti ini berhasil menaklukkan wilayah tersebut dan mengganti namanya menjadi Istanbul pada 1453.
Dengan pengaruh Islam, Hagia Sophia diubah menjadi masjid dengan menutup ornamen bangunan yang bertema Orthodox. Ornamen diganti kaligrafi yang didesain Kazasker Mustafa İzzet. Kaligrafi tersebut antara lain tulisan Allah SWT, Nabi Muhammad SAW, empat khalifah pertama, dan dua cucu Rasulullah SAW.
Gempa bumi guncang Hagia Sophia
Sultan Mehmed II mencegah kehancuran Hagia Sophia dan setelah melakukan salat pertamanya, ia mengubahnya menjadi masjid. Mehmed juga memiliki madrasah yang berdampingan dengan bangunan. Dia juga memerintahkan menara pertama yang dibangun pada dua menara di selatan. Menara itu kemudian dipindahkan selama renovasi pada 1574.
Agar Hagia Sophia beroperasi sebagai masjid, Sultan Mehmed II menyumbangkan sebagian besar dari hartanya kepada yayasannya. Semua sultan Ottoman berikutnya juga berkontribusi dengan bangunan tambahan, renovasi, dan dekorasi baru, menurut Daily Sabah.
Struktur Hagia Sophia juga pernah rusak dalam gempa bumi besar di Istanbul. Empat puluh tahun setelah renovasi besar oleh Sultan Mahmud II pada 1809, bangunan harus menjalani renovasi besar lagi. Berbagai macam perbaikan dilakukan oleh arsitek Swiss Gaspare Fossati atas perintah Sultan Abdülmecid antara tahun 1847 dan 1849.
Pada gempa 1894, Hagia Sophia rusak sekali lagi. Keretakan muncul di dindingnya dan permukaan mosaik yang besar rusak ketika plester dilepaskan. Sultan Abdülhamid II memperkuat gedung dengan memperbaiki kerusakan. Kondisi bangunan diperiksa oleh arsitek Raimondo Tommaso D'Aronco dan Kemalettin Bey. Selama periode konstitusional, Henri Prost adalah di antara arsitek Barat yang memeriksa kondisi bangunan Hagia Sophia.
Hagia Sophia pertama kali dibangun sebagai gereja katedral oleh dua arsitek terbaik Isidoros dan Anthemios di bawah Kekaisaran Bizantium Kristen pada abad keenam.
Pembangunan Hagia Sophia, yang dimulai pada 532, selesai dalam waktu singkat dalam 5 tahun. Bangunan itu dibuka untuk beribadah dengan upacara besar pada 537.
Hagia Sophia adalah gereja terbesar yang dibangun oleh Kekaisaran Romawi Timur di Istanbul, situs itu dibangun tiga kali di tempat yang sama. Bangunan itu dinamakan Megale Ekklesia (Gereja Hebat) ketika pertama kali dibangun, lalu diubah menjadi Hagia Sophia sejak abad ke-5, yang bermakna kebijaksanaan suci.
Hagia Sophia telah hancur berkali-kali sepanjang sejarah, dan kerusakan terbesar selama serangan Tentara Salib yang ke-4.
Tentara Romawi Barat menjarah banyak barang berharga Hagia Sophia yang suci bagi umat Kristiani Ortodoks saat menduduki kota Istanbul pada 1204. Kota ini baru bisa diselamatkan dari invasi Tentara Salib pada 1261.
Ketika Bizantium mengambil alih lagi kekuasaan pada 1261, Hagia Sophia dalam keadaan hancur. Rakyat Romawi Timur pun bergotong-royong memperbaiki Hagia Sophia yang telah dijarah oleh tentara Roma.
Namun gempa bumi pada 1344 telah menghancurkan struktur lama Hagia Sophia. Karena tak sanggup memperbaiki bangunan itu akibat keadaan ekonomi yang buruk, Bizantium sempat menutup tempat ibadah itu selama beberapa periode.
Hagia Sophia (tiếng Hy Lạp: Ἁγία Σοφία, "Sự khôn ngoan của Thiên Chúa", tiếng Latinh: Sancta Sapientia, tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ: Ayasofya) ban đầu là một Vương cung thánh đường Chính thống giáo Đông phương, sau là thánh đường Hồi giáo, và nay là một viện bảo tàng ở Istanbul, Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ. Đặc biệt nổi tiếng vì vòm trần lớn, tòa nhà này được xem là hình ảnh mẫu mực của kiến trúc Byzantine, và được coi là đã "thay đổi lịch sử của kiến trúc".[1] Đây từng là nhà thờ lớn nhất thế giới trong gần một ngàn năm, cho đến khi Nhà thờ chính tòa Sevilla hoàn thành vào năm 1520.
Tòa nhà hiện nay vốn được xây dựng làm nhà thờ từ năm 532 đến năm 537 theo lệnh của Hoàng đế Byzantine Justinian, và đã là Nhà thờ Sự khôn ngoan của Thiên Chúa thứ 3 được xây dựng tại địa điểm này (hai nhà thờ trước đã bị phá hủy bởi quân phiến loạn). Tòa nhà được thiết kế bởi hai kiến trúc sư Isidorus xứ Miletus và Anthemius xứ Tralles. Nhà thờ có một bộ sưu tập các thánh tích và có một bức tường tranh bằng bạc dài 15 m. Đây là nhà thờ trung tâm của Giáo hội Chính thống giáo Đông phương và trụ sở của Thượng phụ Đại kết thành Constantinopolis trong gần 1000 năm.
Năm 1453, kinh đô Constantinopolis bị đế quốc Ottoman chiếm. Vua Mehmed II lệnh biến tòa nhà thành một nhà thờ Hồi giáo. Chuông khánh, bàn thờ, tường tranh bị gỡ bỏ, nhiều phần nền khảm tranh mosaic bị trát vữa đè lên. Các chi tiết kiến trúc Hồi giáo, chẳng hạn mihrab, minbar, và 4 minaret ở bên ngoài, được xây thêm trong thời của các Ottoman. Tòa nhà là nơi thờ phụng của Hồi giáo cho đến năm 1935, khi nó được chính phủ Cộng hòa Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ chuyển thành một viện bảo tàng.
Trong gần 500 năm, Hagia Sophia là thánh đường Hồi giáo chính của Istanbul, làm mẫu hình cho nhiều thánh đường Hồi giáo Ottoman khác như Thánh đường Hồi giáo Vua Ahmed, Thánh đường Hồi giáo Şehzade, Thánh đường Hồi giáo Süleymaniye, và Thánh đường Hồi giáo Rüstem Pasha.
Tuy đôi khi nhà thờ được gọi là Sancta Sophia theo tiếng Latinh, giống với cách gọi dành cho Thánh Sophia, nhưng sophia là cách chuyển tự Latinh từ tiếng Hy Lạp, thuật từ Sophia có nghĩa là trí tuệ hoặc sự khôn ngoan. Tên đầy đủ bằng tiếng Hy Lạp là Ναός τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας, nghĩa là Đền Sự khôn ngoan của Thiên Chúa.
Hagia Sophia là một trong những tòa nhà thuộc khu vực lịch sử Istanbul được UNESCO công nhận là di sản thế giới.
Hiện tại không có bằng chứng hay dấu tích nào cho biết ngôi đền thứ nhất (gọi là Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία (Megálē Ekklēsíā, "Đền thờ lớn") đã được xây dựng chính xác tại đâu, có lẽ chính tại Istanbul hay "Magna Ecclesia" (một khu vực cổ ở Mỹ Latin).[2]
Trong quá khứ, đền thứ nhất từng là nơi thờ phụng của các tôn giáo Đa thần.[3] Ngôi đền được xây gần cung điện hoàng gia và cạnh bên ngôi đền Hagia Eirene[4]. Ngày 15 tháng 2, năm 360, hoàng đế Constantius II cho khánh thành Hagia Sophia. Và từ đây, cả hai ngôi đền (Hagia Sophia và Hagia Eirene) được dùng để tôn thờ đế chế Byzantine.
Sở dĩ người hiện đại biết đến sự có mặt của Ngôi đền thứ nhất là nhờ những ghi chép của Socrates của dân Constantinopolis[5], ngôi đền dùng tôn thờ hoàng đế Constantine Đại đế. Kiến trúc ngôi đền dựa theo kiến trúc truyền thống Latin với những kiệt tác hội họa, hàng hàng cột chống trần và mái vòm gỗ.
Đền thứ nhất vẫn đang chờ xem xét phong tặng danh hiệu kì quan thế giới.
Cái tên "Megálē Ekklēsíā" đã từng được sử dụng trong một khoảng thời gian khá dài trước khi bị thay thế bởi cái tên "Hagia Sophia" trong cuộc xâm lăng của người Byzantine năm 1453.
Ngày 20 tháng 6 năm 404, Thị trưởng của Constantinople, John Chrysostom, gây mâu thuẫn với nữ chúa Aelia Eudoxia, vợ hoàng đế Arcadius. Ngay sau đó, ông bị bắt và bị đày đi xa xứ. Trong cuộc nổi loạn của dân chúng, phần lớn Ngôi đền thứ nhất bị thiêu cháy. Và hoàng đế Theodosius II ra lệnh xây ngôi đền mới. Ngôi đền thứ hai được xây dựng, khánh thành ngày 10 tháng 10 năm 405. Một nhà thờ thứ hai được xây theo lệnh của Theodosius II, ông khánh thành nó vào ngày 10 tháng 10 năm 405. Sự náo loạn của lễ hội Nika Revolt đã dẫn đến sự tàn phá Ngôi đền thứ hai, ngôi đền đã bị thiêu thành tro bụi chỉ trong hai ngày 13-14 tháng 1 năm 532.
Những phiến đá hoa cương là những phế tích còn tồn tại đến ngày hôm nay, chứng minh sự tồn tại của Ngôi đền thứ hai, và hiện tại chúng đang được lưu giữ trong khuôn viên khu đền hiện tại (Ngôi đền thứ ba). Những phiến đá này là một phần cổng của ngôi đền xưa; được A.M. Schneider khai quật trong cái sân nhỏ nằm ở hướng Tây năm 1935.
Ngay sau khi đế quốc Ottoman (do Muslim Millet dẫn đầu) xâm chiếm Constantinopolis (Istanbul) vào năm 1453, Hagia Sophia bị biến thành đền thờ Hồi giáo như là chiến lợi phẩm của cuộc xâm chiếm. Lúc đó, đền thờ đã hư hỏng rất nặng, nhiều cánh cửa đã hoai mục hay gãy vỡ. Những hư hỏng này được miêu tả rất chi tiết trong quyển ghi chép của nhiều du khách xưa, như Pero Tafur người thành Córdoba, Tây Ban Nha[6] và Cristoforo Buondelmonti người thành Florence, Ý.[7] Vua Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ Mehmed II đã cho trùng tu khu di tích này và lập tức biến nó thành đền thờ Hồi giáo. Sau đó, vua Bayezid II xây thêm một cái tháp để thay thế cái tháp cũ vua cha đã xây.
Vào thế kỉ 16, vua Suleiman I (1520-1566) đem về hai ngọn đèn cầy khổng lồ chiếm được trong cuộc chinh phạt Hungary. Chúng được đặt hai bên hông của mihrab (một khoảng trống trên tường biểu trưng cho Kaaba ở Mecca và để chỉ hướng cúi đầu lạy. Dưới triều vua Selim II (1566-1574), ngôi đền lại xuất hiện thêm nhiều dấu hiệu hư hỏng, và lại được mở rộng trùng tu, bổ sung thêm nhiều quần thể kiến trúc do kiến trúc sư đại tài người Ottoman Sinan chỉ huy xây dựng, ông được xem là kĩ sư vĩ đại với những công trình chống lại động đất. Ngoài ra, để kéo dài tuổi thọ cho kiến trúc lịch sử Byzantine này, Sinan đã xây thêm hai tháp trụ khổng lồ ở phía cực Tây của công trình, và ở lăng Selim II phía Đông nam năm 1574. Hai lăng mộ của các vua Murad III và Mehmed III được xây cạnh bên đền thờ trong thập niên 1600.
Năm 1935, Tổng thống đầu tiên và là người thiết lập nền Cộng hoà ở Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, cho biến công trình này thành viện bảo tàng. Người ta dỡ bỏ đệm trải sàn và những tran trí bằng đá hoa cương trên sàn xuất hiện lại lần đầu tiên qua nhiều thế kỷ, cùng lúc đó vôi trăng che kín các tranh khảm đá quý cũng được gỡ ra.[8]
Xây dựng dưới thời hoàng đế Justinian tại Constantinople, do hai KTS Anthemius de Tralles và Isidorius de Miletus thiết kế. Trung tâm nhà thờ là mặt bằng hình vuông (75,6m x 68,4m), phía trên bao phủ bằng vòm bán cầu đường kính 33m (cao 51m tính từ nền) với cấu trúc vòm buồm.Tại phần tambour có 40 cửa sổ lấy ánh sáng.
Kích thước và cấu trúc của mái vòm là một kiệt tác về thiết kế, và tạo một sự đột phá về kết cấu, trở thành một thành tựu rực rỡ mà kiến trúc Byzantine đã đạt được.
Từ 1453 sau khi nhà thờ được đổi chức năng thành nhà thờ hồi giáo. Người Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ đã cho xây thêm 4 tháp nhọn Hồi Giáo ở 4 góc gọi là các tháp Minaret, tạo nên cảnh quan nhà thờ như ngày nay.
Nhà thờ Hagia Sophia đã là nhà thờ Cơ đốc giáo bề thế nhất và đẹp nhất ở phương Đông, là nhân chứng bền vững của lịch sử kiến trúc tôn giáo.
Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về
Works influenced by the Hagia Sophia
Many buildings have been modeled on the Hagia Sophia's core structure of a large central dome resting on pendentives and buttressed by two semi-domes.
Byzantine churches influenced by the Hagia Sophia include the Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki, and the Hagia Irene. The latter was remodeled to have a dome similar to the Hagia Sophia's during the reign of Justinian.
Several mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty have plans based on the Hagia Sophia, including the Süleymaniye Mosque and the Bayezid II Mosque.[281][282] Ottoman architects preferred to surround the central dome with four semi-domes rather than two.[283] There are four semi-domes on the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, the Fatih Mosque,[284] and the New Mosque (Istanbul). As with the original plan of the Hagia Sophia, these mosques are entered through colonnaded courtyards. However, the courtyard of the Hagia Sophia no longer exists.
Neo-Byzantine churches modeled on the Hagia Sophia include the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral, Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu[285] and Poti Cathedral. Each closely replicates the internal geometry of the Hagia Sophia. The layout of the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral is nearly identical to the Hagia Sophia in size and geometry. Its marble revetment also mimics the style of the Hagia Sophia.
As with Ottoman mosques, several churches based on the Hagia Sophia include four semi-domes rather than two, such as the Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade.[286][287] The Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa in São Paulo and the Église du Saint-Esprit (Paris) both replace the two large tympanums beneath the main dome with two shallow semi-domes. The Église du Saint-Esprit is two thirds the size of the Hagia Sophia.
Several churches combine elements of the Hagia Sophia with a Latin cross plan. For instance, the transept of the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (St. Louis) is formed by two semi-domes surrounding the main dome. The church's column capitals and mosaics also emulate the style of the Hagia Sophia. Other examples include the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, St Sophia's Cathedral, London, Saint Clement Catholic Church, Chicago, and the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.
Synagogues based on the Hagia Sophia include the Congregation Emanu-El (San Francisco),[288] Great Synagogue of Florence, and Hurva Synagogue.
Detail of the columns
Detail of the columns
Six patriarchs mosaic in the southern tympanum as drawn by the Fossati brothers
Moasics as drawn by the Fossati brothers
's engraving 1672, looking east and showing the apse mosaic
's engraving 1672, looking west
Watercolour of the interior by
Imperial Gate from the nave
19th-century cenotaph of
, and commander of the 1204
Fountain of Ahmed III from the gate of the külliye, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838
Southern side of Hagia Sophia, looking east, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838
Interior of Haghia Sophia
Hagia Sophia from the south-west, 1914
Hagia Sophia in the snow, December 2015
See also the thematically organised full bibliography in Stroth 2021.[1]
Links to related articles
Nationalgeographic.co.id—Hagia Sophia, yang saat ini secara resmi memiliki nama Masjid Raya Hagia Sophia, adalah situs bersejarah penting yang juga merupakan Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO yang berada di distrik Fatih, Provinsi Istanbul, Turki.
Situs tersebut adalah mahakarya abad keenam peninggalan Kekaisaran Bizantium atau Romawi Timur. Saat pertama didirikan, Hagia Sophia dibangun untuk menjadi Katedral Konstantinopel (sekarang Istanbul Turki) bagi Kristen Ortodoks.
Tapi dalam perjalanan sejarahnya, Hagia Sophia telah berulang kali diperebutkan, berulang kali pula berubah fungsi. Mulai dari Kekaisaran Bizantium, Tentara Salib, Kekaisaran Ottoman atau Kesultanan Utsmaniyah hingga saat ini dimiliki Turki.
Hagia Sophia memiliki arti "kebijaksanaan suci" dan saat pertama kali dibangun, monumen tersebut adalah katedral terbesar di dunia.
“Dimensi Hagia Sophia luar biasa untuk struktur apa pun yang tidak terbuat dari baja,” tulis Helen Gardner dan Fred Kleiner dalam buku mereka "Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History."
“Rencananya panjangnya sekitar 270 kaki (82 meter) dan lebar 240 kaki (73 meter). Kubah itu berdiameter 108 kaki (33 meter) dan puncaknya menjulang sekitar 55 meter."
Dengan usianya yang sekitar 1.400 tahun itu, Hagia Sophia telah berfungsi sebagai katedral, masjid, museum dan sekarang kembali menjadi masjid.
Ketika pertama kali dibangun, Konstantinopel adalah ibu kota Kekaisaran Bizantium yang awalnya merupakan bagian timur Kekaisaran Romawi, tapi berlanjut setelah jatuhnya Roma. Kekaisaran ini, secara resmi adalah Kristen Ortodoks.
Babak lain dalam kehidupan Hagia Sophia dimulai pada 1453. Pada tahun itu Kekaisaran Bizantium berakhir, dengan Konstantinopel jatuh ke tangan pasukan Mehmed II, sultan Kekaisaran Ottoman yang dikenal dengan Muhammad al Fatih.
Hagia Sophia memiliki sejarah panjang mulai dari Bizantium, Kekaisaran Latin hingga Kekaisaran Ottoman.
"Kekaisaran Bizantium telah mengalami kemunduran selama berabad-abad dan pada tahun 1453 Hagia Sophia telah rusak," catat peneliti Elisabeth Piltz dalam buku seri British Archaeological Reports tahun 2005.
Namun demikian, katedral Kristen Ortodoks itu telah memberi kesan kuat pada penguasa Ottoman yang baru, Sultan Muhammad Al Fatih dan mereka memutuskan untuk mengubahnya menjadi masjid.
“Seorang ahli yang sempurna telah menampilkan seluruh ilmu arsitektur,” tulis sejarawan Ottoman Tursun Beg pada abad ke-15.
Sementara itu, Prof Ali Muhammad Ash-Shalabi dalam bukunya "Bangkit dan Runtuhnya Khilafah Ustmaniyah" menulis, saat Sultan Muhammad Al Fatih menaklukkan konstatinopel ada banyak penduduk yang berlindung di dalam katedral Hagia Sophia.
Setelah berkeliling, sultan menuju ke Hagia Sophia dan bertemu banyak masyarakat, bersama rahib dan pendeta yang bersembunyi ketakutan.
Sultan lantas meminta salah seorang pendeta untuk menenangkan masyarakat di dalam gereja dan meminta mereka untuk pulang ke rumah. Sultan juga menjamin keamanan dan keselamatan mereka, sehingga masyarakat menjadi tenang.
Sikap sultan yang toleran membuat masyarakat yang bersembunyi di Hagia Sophia mulai tenang dan bahkan mereka pun menyatakan diri masuk Islam. Setelah itulah sultan kemudian memerintahkan untuk segera mengubah Hagia Sophia menjadi masjid agar mereka bisa salat Jum'at di sana.
Hagia Sophia menjadi milik pribadi sultan Ottoman dan memiliki tempat khusus di antara masjid-masjid Konstantinopel. Tidak ada perubahan yang dapat dilakukan tanpa persetujuan sultan, termasuk penghancuran mosaik-mosaik tersebut.
Setelah memutuskan mengubah Hagia Sophia menjadi masjid, sultan memerintahkan renovasi besar-besaran. "Di luar katedral, empat menara kemudian ditambahkan, empat menara berbentuk pensil ramping yang tingginya lebih dari 200 kaki (60 meter) dan di antara yang tertinggi yang pernah dibangun," tulis Kleiner.
Perubahan juga terjadi di bagian dalam. Piltz menulis bahwa "setelah penaklukan Ottoman, mozaik kristen Ortodoks disembunyikan di bawah cat kuning kecuali Theotokos (Perawan Maria dengan anak) di apse."
Apse adalah ceruk setengah lingkaran atau poligonal besar di gereja. Selain itu, "Monogram dari empat khalifah diletakkan di pilar yang mengapit apse dan pintu masuk nave (bagian tengah katedral)."
Setelah mozaik Kristen Ortodoks ditutupi, Sultan kemudian menggantinya dengan kaligrafi Islam di seluruh bagian dalam. Sementara di luar, ia menambahkan 4 menara yang merupakan ciri tradisional Masjid.
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Baca Juga: Hagia Sophia, Wajah Harmoni Peradaban Umat Manusia dalam Budaya Turki
Baca Juga: Harem Sultan Penebar TBC yang Menghancurkan Kekaisaran Ottoman
Baca Juga: Tari Darwis, Seni Indah para Sufi yang Populer di Kekaisaran Ottoman
Baca Juga: Simalakama Kekaisaran Ottoman Menjinakkan Vlad Dracula 'Sang Penyula'
Setelah itu, Hagia Sophia, khususnya kubahnya, kemudian mempengaruhi arsitektur Ottoman, terutama dalam pembangunan Masjid Biru, yang dibangun di Istanbul pada abad ke-17.
Tapi, pada tahun 1934, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk yang berhasil menggulingkan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, menghancurkan sistem khilafah Turki dan menghilangkan simbol-simbol Islam, termasuk mensekulerkan Hagia Sophia dan mengubahnya menjadi museum.
Tapi sejak tahun 2005, sejumlah petisi muncul untuk mengembalikan fungsi Hagia Sophia sebagai masjid. Petisi mengatakan, bahwa Hagia Sophia adalah milik Pribadi Sultan Mehmed II atau Muhammad Al Fatih yang pada tahun 1453 merebut Istanbul.
Pada 11 Juli 2020, pengadilan Turki menganulir dekrit 1934 yang diprakarsai Attaturk. Setelah putusan itu, Presiden Recep Tayyip Erdogan menandatangani keputusan presiden untuk mengubah kembali Hagia Sophia menjadi masjid.
Penelitian, perbaikan, dan restorasi berlanjut hingga hari ini dan Hagia Sophia sekarang menjadi situs penting untuk pariwisata di Istanbul. Ini adalah tempat yang telah menjadi bagian dari jalinan budaya kota baik di zaman kuno maupun modern.
Gel Duri Landak Berpotensi Sembuhkan Luka: Termasuk Luka akibat Tertusuk Duri?
Reversion to mosque (2018–present)
Since 2018, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan had talked of reverting the status of the Hagia Sophia back to a mosque, a move seen to be very popularly accepted by the religious populace whom Erdoğan was attempting to persuade.[147] On 31 March 2018 Erdoğan recited the first verse of the Quran in the Hagia Sophia, dedicating the prayer to the "souls of all who left us this work as inheritance, especially Istanbul's conqueror," strengthening the political movement to make the Hagia Sophia a mosque once again, which would reverse Atatürk's measure of turning the Hagia Sophia into a secular museum.[148] In March 2019 Erdoğan said that he would change the status of Hagia Sophia from a museum to a mosque,[149] adding that it had been a "very big mistake" to turn it into a museum.[150] As a UNESCO World Heritage site, this change would require approval from UNESCO's World Heritage Committee.[151] In late 2019 Erdoğan's office took over the administration and upkeep of the nearby Topkapı Palace Museum, transferring responsibility for the site from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism by presidential decree.[152][153][154]
In 2020, Turkey's government celebrated the 567th anniversary of the Conquest of Constantinople with an Islamic prayer in Hagia Sophia. Erdoğan said during a televised broadcast "Al-Fath surah will be recited and prayers will be done at Hagia Sophia as part of conquest festival".[155] In May, during the anniversary events, passages from the Quran were read in the Hagia Sophia. Greece condemned this action, while Turkey in response accused Greece of making "futile and ineffective statements".[156] In June, the head of Turkey's Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) said that "we would be very happy to open Hagia Sophia for worship" and that if it happened "we will provide our religious services as we do in all our mosques".[142] On 25 June, John Haldon, president of the International Association of Byzantine Studies, wrote an open letter to Erdoğan asking that he "consider the value of keeping the Aya Sofya as a museum".[157]
On 10 July 2020, the decision of the Council of Ministers from 1935 to transform the Hagia Sophia into a museum was annulled by the Council of State, decreeing that Hagia Sophia cannot be used "for any other purpose" than being a mosque and that the Hagia Sophia was property of the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Han Foundation. The council reasoned Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II, who conquered Istanbul, deemed the property to be used by the public as a mosque without any fees and was not within the jurisdiction of the Parliament or a ministry council.[158][159] Despite secular and global criticism, Erdoğan signed a decree annulling the Hagia Sophia's museum status, reverting it to a mosque.[160][161] The call to prayer was broadcast from the minarets shortly after the announcement of the change and rebroadcast by major Turkish news networks.[161] The Hagia Sophia Museum's social media channels were taken down the same day, with Erdoğan announcing at a press conference that prayers themselves would be held there from 24 July.[161] A presidential spokesperson said it would become a working mosque, open to anyone similar to the Parisian churches Sacré-Cœur and Notre-Dame. The spokesperson also said that the change would not affect the status of the Hagia Sophia as a UNESCO World Heritage site, and that "Christian icons" within it would continue to be protected.[147] Earlier the same day, before the final decision, the Turkish Finance and Treasury Minister Berat Albayrak and the Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gül expressed their expectations of opening the Hagia Sophia to worship for Muslims.[162][163] Mustafa Şentop, Speaker of Turkey's Grand National Assembly, said "a longing in the heart of our nation has ended".[162] A presidential spokesperson claimed that all political parties in Turkey supported Erdoğan's decision;[164] however, the Peoples' Democratic Party had previously released a statement denouncing the decision, saying "decisions on human heritage cannot be made on the basis of political games played by the government".[165] The mayor of Istanbul, Ekrem İmamoğlu, said that he supports the conversion "as long as it benefits Turkey", adding that he felt that Hagia Sophia has been a mosque since 1453.[166] Ali Babacan attacked the policy of his former ally Erdoğan, saying the Hagia Sophia issue "has come to the agenda now only to cover up other problems".[167] Orhan Pamuk, Turkish novelist and Nobel laureate, publicly denounced the move, saying "Kemal Atatürk changed... Hagia Sophia from a mosque to a museum, honouring all previous Greek Orthodox and Latin Catholic history, making it as a sign of Turkish modern secularism".[161][168]
On 17 July, Erdoğan announced that the first prayers in the Hagia Sophia would be open to between 1,000 and 1,500 worshippers. He said that Turkey had sovereign power over Hagia Sophia and was not obligated to bend to international opinion.[169]
While the Hagia Sophia has now been rehallowed as a mosque, the place remains open for visitors outside of prayer times. While at the beginning the entrance was free,[170] later the Turkish government decided that, starting from 15 January 2024, foreign nationals would have to pay an entrance fee.[171]
On 22 July, a turquoise-coloured carpet was laid to prepare the mosque for worshippers; Ali Erbaş, head of the Diyanet, attended its laying.[167] The omphalion was left exposed. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Erbaş said Hagia Sophia would accommodate up to 1,000 worshippers at a time and asked that they bring "masks, a prayer rug, patience and understanding".[167] The mosque opened for Friday prayers on 24 July, the 97th anniversary of the signature of the Treaty of Lausanne, which established the borders of the modern Turkish Republic.[167] The mosaics of the Virgin and Child in the apse were covered by white drapes.[168] There had been proposals to conceal the mosaics with lasers during prayer times, but this idea was ultimately shelved.[172][173] Erbaş proclaimed during his sermon, "Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror dedicated this magnificent construction to believers to remain a mosque until the Day of Resurrection".[168] Erdoğan and some government ministers attended the midday prayers as many worshippers prayed outside; at one point the security cordon was breached and dozens of people broke through police lines.[168] Turkey invited foreign leaders and officials, including Pope Francis, for the prayers.[174] It is the fourth Byzantine church converted from museum to a mosque during Erdoğan's rule.[175]
In April 2022, the Hagia Sophia held its first Ramadan tarawih prayer in 88 years.[176]
Days before the final decision on the conversion was made, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople stated in a sermon that "the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque would disappoint millions of Christians around the world", he also said that Hagia Sophia, which was "a vital center where East is embraced with the West", would "fracture these two worlds" in the event of conversion.[177][178] The proposed conversion was decried by other Orthodox Christian leaders, the Russian Orthodox Church's Patriarch Kirill of Moscow stating that "a threat to Hagia Sophia [wa]s a threat to all of Christian civilization".[179][180]
Following the Turkish government's decision, UNESCO announced it "deeply regret[ted]" the conversion "made without prior discussion", and asked Turkey to "open a dialogue without delay", stating that the lack of negotiation was "regrettable".[181][161] UNESCO further announced that the "state of conservation" of Hagia Sophia would be "examined" at the next session of the World Heritage Committee, urging Turkey "to initiate dialogue without delay, in order to prevent any detrimental effect on the universal value of this exceptional heritage".[181] Ernesto Ottone, UNESCO's Assistant Director-General for Culture said "It is important to avoid any implementing measure, without prior discussion with UNESCO, that would affect physical access to the site, the structure of the buildings, the site's moveable property, or the site's management".[181] UNESCO's statement of 10 July said "these concerns were shared with the Republic of Turkey in several letters, and again yesterday evening with the representative of the Turkish Delegation" without a response.[181]
The World Council of Churches, which claims to represent 500 million Christians of 350 denominations, condemned the decision to convert the building into a mosque, saying that would "inevitably create uncertainties, suspicions and mistrust"; the World Council of Churches urged Turkey's president Erdoğan "to reconsider and reverse" his decision "in the interests of promoting mutual understanding, respect, dialogue and cooperation, and avoiding cultivating old animosities and divisions".[182][183][184] At the recitation of the Sunday Angelus prayer at St Peter's Square on 12 July Pope Francis said, "My thoughts go to Istanbul. I think of Santa Sophia and I am very pained" (Italian: Penso a Santa Sofia, a Istanbul, e sono molto addolorato).[c][186][187] The International Association of Byzantine Studies announced that its 21st International Congress, due to be held in Istanbul in 2021, will no longer be held there and is postponed to 2022.[157]
Josep Borrell, the European Union's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Vice-President of the European Commission, released a statement calling the decisions by the Council of State and Erdoğan "regrettable" and pointing out that "as a founding member of the Alliance of Civilisations, Turkey has committed to the promotion of inter-religious and inter-cultural dialogue and to fostering of tolerance and co-existence."[188] According to Borrell, the European Union member states' twenty-seven foreign ministers "condemned the Turkish decision to convert such an emblematic monument as the Hagia Sophia" at meeting on 13 July, saying it "will inevitably fuel the mistrust, promote renewed division between religious communities and undermine our efforts at dialog and cooperation" and that "there was a broad support to call on the Turkish authorities to urgently reconsider and reverse this decision".[189][190] Greece denounced the conversion and considered it a breach of the UNESCO World Heritage titling.[147] Greek culture minister Lina Mendoni called it an "open provocation to the civilised world" which "absolutely confirms that there is no independent justice" in Erdoğan's Turkey, and that his Turkish nationalism "takes his country back six centuries".[191] Greece and Cyprus called for EU sanctions on Turkey.[192] Morgan Ortagus, the spokesperson for the United States Department of State, noted: "We are disappointed by the decision by the government of Turkey to change the status of the Hagia Sophia."[191] Jean-Yves Le Drian, foreign minister of France, said his country "deplores" the move, saying "these decisions cast doubt on one of the most symbolic acts of modern and secular Turkey".[184] Vladimir Dzhabarov, deputy head of the foreign affairs committee of the Russian Federation Council, said that it "will not do anything for the Muslim world. It does not bring nations together, but on the contrary brings them into collision" and calling the move a "mistake".[191] The former deputy prime minister of Italy, Matteo Salvini, held a demonstration in protest outside the Turkish consulate in Milan, calling for all plans for accession of Turkey to the European Union to be terminated "once and for all".[193] In East Jerusalem, a protest was held outside the Turkish consulate on 13 July, with the burning of a Turkish flag and the display of the Greek flag and flag of the Greek Orthodox Church.[194] In a statement the Turkish foreign ministry condemned the burning of the flag, saying "nobody can disrespect or encroach our glorious flag".[195]
Ersin Tatar, prime minister of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognized only by Turkey, welcomed the decision, calling it "sound" and "pleasing".[196][191] He further criticized the government of Cyprus, claiming that "the Greek Cypriot administration, who burned down our mosques, should not have a say in this".[196] Through a spokesman the Foreign Ministry of Iran welcomed the change, saying the decision was an "issue that should be considered as part of Turkey's national sovereignty" and "Turkey's internal affair".[197] Sergei Vershinin, deputy foreign minister of Russia, said that the matter was of one of "internal affairs, in which, of course, neither we nor others should interfere."[198][199] The Arab Maghreb Union was supportive.[200] Ekrema Sabri, imam of the al-Aqsa Mosque, and Ahmed bin Hamad al-Khalili, grand mufti of Oman, both congratulated Turkey on the move.[200] The Muslim Brotherhood was also in favour of the news.[200] A spokesman for the Palestinian Islamist movement Hamas called the verdict "a proud moment for all Muslims".[201] Pakistani politician Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi of the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) welcomed the ruling, claiming it was "not only in accordance with the wishes of the people of Turkey but the entire Muslim world".[202] The Muslim Judicial Council group in South Africa praised the move, calling it "a historic turning point".[203] In Nouakchott, capital of Mauritania, there were prayers and celebrations topped by the sacrifice of a camel.[204] On the other hand, Shawki Allam, grand mufti of Egypt, ruled that conversion of the Hagia Sophia to a mosque is "impermissible".[205]
When President Erdoğan announced that the first Muslim prayers would be held inside the building on 24 July, he added that "like all our mosques, the doors of Hagia Sophia will be wide open to locals and foreigners, Muslims and non-Muslims." Presidential spokesman İbrahim Kalın said that the icons and mosaics of the building would be preserved, and that "in regards to the arguments of secularism, religious tolerance and coexistence, there are more than four hundred churches and synagogues open in Turkey today."[206] Ömer Çelik, spokesman for the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), announced on 13 July that entry to Hagia Sophia would be free of charge and open to all visitors outside prayer times, during which Christian imagery in the building's mosaics would be covered by curtains or lasers.[193] The Turkish foreign minister, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, told TRT Haber on 13 July that the government was surprised at the reaction of UNESCO, saying that "We have to protect our ancestors' heritage. The function can be this way or that way – it does not matter".[207]
On 14 July the prime minister of Greece, Kyriakos Mitsotakis, said his government was "considering its response at all levels" to what he called Turkey's "unnecessary, petty initiative", and that "with this backward action, Turkey is opting to sever links with western world and its values".[208] In relation to both Hagia Sophia and the Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute, Mitsotakis called for European sanctions against Turkey, referring to it as "a regional troublemaker, and which is evolving into a threat to the stability of the whole south-east Mediterranean region".[208] Dora Bakoyannis, Greek former foreign minister, said Turkey's actions had "crossed the Rubicon", distancing itself from the West.[209] On the day of the building's re-opening, Mitsotakis called the re-conversion evidence of Turkey's weakness rather than a show of power.[168]
Armenia's Foreign Ministry expressed "deep concern" about the move, adding that it brought to a close Hagia Sophia's symbolism of "cooperation and unity of humankind instead of clash of civilizations."[210] Catholicos Karekin II, the head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, said the move "violat[ed] the rights of national religious minorities in Turkey."[211] Sahak II Mashalian, the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, perceived as loyal to the Turkish government, endorsed the decision to convert the museum into a mosque. He said, "I believe that believers' praying suits better the spirit of the temple instead of curious tourists running around to take pictures."[212]
In July 2021, UNESCO asked for an updated report on the state of conservation and expressed "grave concern". There were also some concerns about the future of its World Heritage status.[213] Turkey responded that the changes had "no negative impact" on UNESCO standards and the criticism is "biased and political".[214]
Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture.[8] Its interior is decorated with mosaics, marble pillars, and coverings of great artistic value. Justinian had overseen the completion of the greatest cathedral ever built up to that time, and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years until the completion of the cathedral in Seville in Spain.[215]
The Hagia Sophia uses masonry construction. The structure has brick and mortar joints that are 1.5 times the width of the bricks. The mortar joints are composed of a combination of sand and minute ceramic pieces distributed evenly throughout the mortar joints. This combination of sand and potsherds was often used in Roman concrete, a predecessor to modern concrete. A considerable amount of iron was used as well, in the form of cramps and ties.[216]
Justinian's basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of late antiquity and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in the Eastern Christianity, Western Christianity, and Islam alike.[217][218]
The vast interior has a complex structure. The nave is covered by a central dome which at its maximum is 55.6 m (182 ft 5 in) from floor level and rests on an arcade of 40 arched windows. Repairs to its structure have left the dome somewhat elliptical, with the diameter varying between 31.24 and 30.86 m (102 ft 6 in and 101 ft 3 in).[219]
At the western entrance and eastern liturgical side, there are arched openings extended by half domes of identical diameter to the central dome, carried on smaller semi-domed exedrae, a hierarchy of dome-headed elements built up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the central dome, with a clear span of 76.2 m (250 ft).[8]
The theories of Hero of Alexandria, a Hellenistic mathematician of the 1st century AD, may have been utilized to address the challenges presented by building such an expansive dome over so large a space.[220] Svenshon and Stiffel proposed that the architects used Hero's proposed values for constructing vaults. The square measurements were calculated using the side-and-diagonal number progression, which results in squares defined by the numbers 12 and 17, wherein 12 defines the side of the square and 17 its diagonal, which have been used as standard values as early as in cuneiform Babylonian texts.[221]
Each of the four sides of the great square Hagia Sophia is approximately 31 m long,[222] and it was previously thought that this was the equivalent of 100 Byzantine feet.[221] Svenshon suggested that the size of the side of the central square of Hagia Sophia is not 100 Byzantine feet but instead 99 feet. This measurement is not only rational, but it is also embedded in the system of the side-and-diagonal number progression (70/99) and therefore a usable value by the applied mathematics of antiquity. It gives a diagonal of 140 which is manageable for constructing a huge dome like that of the Hagia Sophia.[223]
The stone floor of Hagia Sophia dates from the 6th century. After the first collapse of the vault, the broken dome was left in situ on the original Justinianic floor and a new floor was laid above the rubble when the dome was rebuilt in 558.[224] From the installation of this second Justinianic floor, the floor became part of the liturgy, with significant locations and spaces demarcated in various ways using different-coloured stones and marbles.[224]
The floor is predominantly made up of Proconnesian marble, quarried on Proconnesus (Marmara Island) in the Propontis (Sea of Marmara). This was the main white marble used in the monuments of Constantinople. Other parts of the floor, like the Thessalian verd antique "marble", were quarried in Thessaly in Roman Greece. The Thessalian verd antique bands across the nave floor were often likened to rivers.[225]
The floor was praised by numerous authors and repeatedly compared to a sea.[114] The Justinianic poet Paul the Silentiary likened the ambo and the solea connecting it to the sanctuary with an island in a sea, with the sanctuary itself a harbour.[114] The 9th-century Narratio writes of it as "like the sea or the flowing waters of a river".[114] Michael the Deacon in the 12th century also described the floor as a sea in which the ambo and other liturgical furniture stood as islands.[114] During the 15th-century conquest of Constantinople, the Ottoman caliph Mehmed is said to have ascended to the dome and the galleries in order to admire the floor, which according to Tursun Beg resembled "a sea in a storm" or a "petrified sea".[114] Other Ottoman-era authors also praised the floor; Tâcîzâde Cafer Çelebi compared it to waves of marble.[114] The floor was hidden beneath a carpet on 22 July 2020.[167]
The Imperial Gate, or Imperial Door, was the main entrance between the exo- and esonarthex, and it was originally exclusively used by the emperor.[226][227] A long ramp from the northern part of the outer narthex leads up to the upper gallery.[228]
The upper gallery, or matroneum, is horseshoe-shaped; it encloses the nave on three sides and is interrupted by the apse. Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery, an area traditionally reserved for the Empress and her court. The best-preserved mosaics are located in the southern part of the gallery.
The northern first floor gallery contains runic graffiti believed to have been left by members of the Varangian Guard.[229] Structural damage caused by natural disasters is visible on the Hagia Sophia's exterior surface. To ensure that the Hagia Sophia did not sustain any damage on the interior of the building, studies have been conducted using ground penetrating radar within the gallery of the Hagia Sophia. With the use of ground-penetrating radar (GPR), teams discovered weak zones within the Hagia Sophia's gallery and also concluded that the curvature of the vault dome has been shifted out of proportion, compared to its original angular orientation.[230]
The dome of Hagia Sophia has spurred particular interest for many art historians, architects, and engineers because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned it. The dome is carried on four spherical triangular pendentives, making the Hagia Sophia one of the first large-scale uses of this element. The pendentives are the corners of the square base of the dome, and they curve upwards into the dome to support it, thus restraining the lateral forces of the dome and allowing its weight to flow downwards.[231][232] The main dome of the Hagia Sophia was the largest pendentive dome in the world until the completion of St Peter's Basilica, and it has a much lower height than any other dome of such a large diameter.
The great dome at the Hagia Sophia is 32.6 meters (one hundred and seven feet) in diameter and is only 0.61 meters (two feet) thick. The main building materials for the original Hagia Sophia were brick and mortar. Brick aggregate was used to make roofs easier to construct. The aggregate weighs 2402.77 kilograms per cubic meter (150 pounds per cubic foot), an average weight of masonry construction at the time. Due to the materials plasticity, it was chosen over cut stone due to the fact that aggregate can be used over a longer distance.[233] According to Rowland Mainstone, "it is unlikely that the vaulting-shell is anywhere more than one normal brick in thickness".[234]
The weight of the dome remained a problem for most of the building's existence. The original cupola collapsed entirely after the earthquake of 558; in 563 a new dome was built by Isidore the Younger, a nephew of Isidore of Miletus. Unlike the original, this included 40 ribs and was raised 6.1 meters (20 feet), in order to lower the lateral forces on the church walls. A larger section of the second dome collapsed as well, over two episodes, so that as of 2021, only two sections of the present dome, the north and south sides, are from the 562 reconstructions. Of the whole dome's 40 ribs, the surviving north section contains eight ribs, while the south section includes six ribs.[235]
Although this design stabilizes the dome and the surrounding walls and arches, the actual construction of the walls of Hagia Sophia weakened the overall structure. The bricklayers used more mortar than brick, which is more effective if the mortar was allowed to settle, as the building would have been more flexible; however, the builders did not allow the mortar to cure before they began the next layer. When the dome was erected, its weight caused the walls to lean outward because of the wet mortar underneath. When Isidore the Younger rebuilt the fallen cupola, he had first to build up the interior of the walls to make them vertical again. Additionally, the architect raised the height of the rebuilt dome by approximately 6 m (20 ft) so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and its weight would be transmitted more effectively down into the walls. Moreover, he shaped the new cupola like a scalloped shell or the inside of an umbrella, with ribs that extend from the top down to the base. These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and ultimately to the foundation.[236]
Hagia Sophia is famous for the light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave, giving the dome the appearance of hovering above. This effect was achieved by inserting forty windows around the base of the original structure. Moreover, the insertion of the windows in the dome structure reduced its weight.[236]
Numerous buttresses have been added throughout the centuries. The flying buttresses to the west of the building, although thought to have been constructed by the Crusaders upon their visit to Constantinople, were actually built during the Byzantine era. This shows that the Romans had prior knowledge of flying buttresses, which can also be seen at in Greece, at the Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, at the monastery of Hosios Loukas in Boeotia, and in Italy at the octagonal basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna.[236] Other buttresses were constructed during the Ottoman times under the guidance of the architect Sinan. A total of 24 buttresses were added.[237]
The minarets were an Ottoman addition and not part of the original church's Byzantine design. They were built for notification of invitations for prayers (adhan) and announcements. Mehmed had built a wooden minaret over one of the half domes soon after Hagia Sophia's conversion from a cathedral to a mosque. This minaret does not exist today. One of the minarets (at southeast) was built from red brick and can be dated back from the reign of Mehmed or his successor Beyazıd II. The other three were built from white limestone and sandstone, of which the slender northeast column was erected by Bayezid II and the two identical, larger minarets to the west were erected by Selim II and designed by the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan. Both are 60 m (200 ft) in height, and their thick and massive patterns complete Hagia Sophia's main structure. Many ornaments and details were added to these minarets on repairs during the 15th, 16th, and 19th centuries, which reflect each period's characteristics and ideals.[238][239]
Penaklukan Konstantinopel
Pengepungan Kontaninopel berlangsung lebih lama dari yang diperkirakan. Para pasha meminta izin kepada sultan untuk menjarah. Sultan memberi izin, tetapi hanya setelah mengajukan tawaran terakhir kepada Kaisar Byzantium Konstantin untuk menyerah, dilansir dari Daily Sabah, 17 Juli 2020.
Akhirnya, pada 29 Mei, kota itu jatuh. Mereka yang memiliki kesempatan, segera melarikan diri. Kaisar Byzantium meninggal saat mempertahankan kota dalam kekacauan ini. Orang-orang bergegas ke Hagia Sophia dengan rasa takut dan panik. Ribuan orang berlindung di basilika besar ini.
Setelah perlawanan Konstantinopel benar-benar hancur, tentara Ustmaniyah diperintahkan untuk tidak membunuh mereka yang tidak melawan dengan senjata.
Ketika Sultan Mehmed memasuki kota dari Topkapi, ia diberi gelar "sang Penakluk". Desas-desus yang beredar menyebut Hagia Sophia adalah bangunan pertama yang ia kunjungi setelah memasuki kota. Di sini, ribuan orang mengawasinya dengan cemas, beberapa dari mereka menangis, memohon, dan bersujud.
Sultan mengundang orang banyak untuk mendengarkan dan memberikan pidato yang indah. Dia mengatakan hidup dan kebebasan mereka aman.
Sultan Mehmed kemudian memberikan penduduk Konstantinopel kewarganegaraan Utsmaniyah gratis. Pemimpin Ortodoks Yunani diberikan status formal dan diberi hak istimewa khusus.
Dia sering mengunjungi Hagia Sophia untuk waktu yang lama. Semua sejarawan mencatat kekaguman Mehmed akan kehebatan struktur Hagia Sophia. Dia membacakan puisi Persia di sini atau, menurut versi lain, ketika dia mengunjungi istana.
th-century restoration
Following the building's conversion into a mosque in 1453, many of its mosaics were covered with plaster, due to Islam's ban on representational imagery. This process was not completed at once, and reports exist from the 17th century in which travellers note that they could still see Christian images in the former church. In 1847–1849, the building was restored by two Swiss-Italian Fossati brothers, Gaspare and Giuseppe, and Sultan Abdulmejid I allowed them to also document any mosaics they might discover during this process, which were later archived in Swiss libraries.[252][better source needed] This work did not include repairing the mosaics, and after recording the details about an image, the Fossatis painted it over again. The Fossatis restored the mosaics of the two hexapteryga (singular Greek: ἑξαπτέρυγον, pr. hexapterygon, six-winged angel; it is uncertain whether they are seraphim or cherubim) located on the two east pendentives, and covered their faces again before the end of the restoration.[253] The other two mosaics, placed on the west pendentives, are copies in paint created by the Fossatis since they could find no surviving remains of them.[253] As in this case, the architects reproduced in paint damaged decorative mosaic patterns, sometimes redesigning them in the process. The Fossati records are the primary sources about a number of mosaic images now believed to have been completely or partially destroyed in the 1894 Istanbul earthquake. These include a mosaic over a now-unidentified Door of the Poor, a large image of a jewel-encrusted cross, and many images of angels, saints, patriarchs, and church fathers. Most of the missing images were located in the building's two tympana.
One mosaic they documented is Christ Pantocrator in a circle, which would indicate it to be a ceiling mosaic, possibly even of the main dome, which was later covered and painted over with Islamic calligraphy that expounds God as the light of the universe. The Fossatis' drawings of the Hagia Sophia mosaics are today kept in the Archive of the Canton of Ticino.[254]
Notable elements and decorations
Originally, under Justinian's reign, the interior decorations consisted of abstract designs on marble slabs on the walls and floors as well as mosaics on the curving vaults. Of these mosaics, the two archangels Gabriel and Michael are still visible in the spandrels (corners) of the bema. There were already a few figurative decorations, as attested by the late 6th-century ekphrasis of Paul the Silentiary, the Description of Hagia Sophia. The spandrels of the gallery are faced in inlaid thin slabs (opus sectile), showing patterns and figures of flowers and birds in precisely cut pieces of white marble set against a background of black marble. In later stages, figurative mosaics were added, which were destroyed during the iconoclastic controversy (726–843). Present mosaics are from the post-iconoclastic period.
Apart from the mosaics, many figurative decorations were added during the second half of the 9th century: an image of Christ in the central dome; Eastern Orthodox saints, prophets and Church Fathers in the tympana below; historical figures connected with this church, such as Patriarch Ignatius; and some scenes from the Gospels in the galleries. Basil II let artists paint a giant six-winged seraph on each of the four pendentives.[82] The Ottomans covered their faces with golden stars,[82] but in 2009, one of them was restored to its original state.[240]
